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1 


THE 


WMMWM MUMS 




BILIOUS. 


NERVOUS. 


<9 <9 






ON THE 


TEMPERAMENTS; 

OR " ‘ 

PHYSIOLOGY FOR THE PEOPLE. 

A NEW SCIENCE, 


AND A COMPLETE KEY TO THE MIND 
OF MAN, 

BY A KNOWLEDGE OF WHICH ONE PERSON CAN 
READ THE CHARACTER OF ANOTHER AT 
A SINGLE GLANCE. 

BY DR. ALEXANDER GIBSON. 


ALSO, CONTAINING SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS FOR THE PER¬ 
FECTION OF CHARACTERS AND THE IMPROVEMENT 
OF CHILDREN. 


BASED'■'ON SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, & ENTIRELY 
SUPERSEDES PHRENOLOGY, 



PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE A CO., 63 CLARK STREET. 
1853. 









Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852, 
BY ALEXANDER GIBSON, 

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Michigan 





PREFACE. 


# In all ages of the world, much time has been spent by scien¬ 
tific men in endeavoring to study out some theory by which they 
would be able to read the characters of their fellow-men by an ex¬ 
ternal observation; but experience has convinced us that, until 
about the middle of the present century, the result of their labors 
has been anything but satisfactory to the mind of the strict in¬ 
quirer after such truth. 

The time has been, that theories, when emanating from a high 
source, were looked upon with reverence by the great mass of 
mankind; but it is not so with man, particularly the American, in 
the middle of the nineteenth century. This is an age of investi¬ 
gation and improvement. He does not receive and treasure up 
new theories unsupported by evidence; nay, he cares not a straw 
for theory nor authority, unless they will stand the test of practi¬ 
cal experiment. This is as it should be; and wherever it is other¬ 
wise, that nation or community will still be found entirely behind 
the times, and, in almost every department, be moving along at 
the same old stage-coach jog-trot rate of their forefathers. 

Many theories have been set forth, and some have been handed 
down from one generation to another; but they have invariably 
vanished like the morning mist, wherever they have been exposed 
to the rays of the sun of truth—the fundamental principles of 
which being altogether insufficient to sustain them. 

Even the more modern science of Phrenology: how much, we 
would ask, can mankind ever expect to be benefited by that sci¬ 
ence ? It will readily be admitted, even by its best friends and 
most strenuous advocates, that it is inconvenient and unprofitable 
for all practical purposes, and is not at all adapted to the wants of 
mankind; for who, in this age of railroads and telegraphs, can 
take time to examine twenty or thirty bumps, and then compare 
as many certain conditions with perhaps fifty others, before they 
can arrive at a correct conclusion concerning the character of any 
individual. It is too late for all this, after we hear the whistle of 
the locomotive or the bell of the steamboat. But not so with phy¬ 
siology ; for here we have the individual at a single glance. In¬ 
deed, the phrenological developments are nothing more nor less 
than the fruit or effect of a certain physiological condition. As a 
proof of this, the relative size of every organ of the head can be 


IV 


PREFACE. 


oiven correctly by the physiological developments : this the writer 
has repeatedly done in the presence of many witnesses. 

A^ain: Physiology, and physiology alone, teaches us the true 
art of cultivating and improving, to. the highest degree of perfec¬ 
tion, the mental and physical condition of man, for the mind and 
body are most intimately related to each other. Their interests 
must, therefore, be studied collectively, and not separately, as has 
been and is yet frequently the case, and as though the one existed 
and acted entirely independent of the other. 

That part of physiology which relates to the number of bones, 
muscles, veins, arteries, nerves, &c., is no new science; but the 
art of successfully reading the characters of our fellow-men by the 
temperaments, or physiological developments, is, we say, of recent 
origin 5 and for the basis or outlines of which we are indebted to 
Dr. I. S. Smith, of New York City, Professor of Anatomy, Sur¬ 
gery, and Physiology, who was the preceptor of the i\ritei of this 
book’; and to which I have added the result of several years’ 
professional observation and experience. This science not only 
teaches us, on scientific principles, how to read characters by an 
external observation, but also to cultivate and improve those char¬ 
acters to the greatest extent. This last qualification alone en¬ 
hances the value of the science beyond all computation: and, taken 
as a whole, it is a science that does and ever will stand pre-emi¬ 
nent—the fundamental principles of which challenge investigation, 
and defy criticism. 

It will be noticed that this work is limited in extent, compared 
with the subject it embraces. I would, therefore, remark that it 
was not my design to elaborate arguments, but rather to condense. 
facts and conditions, to state laws and results, and to crowd into 
the smallest possible space just such matter as learners need to 
know. Indeed, my readers will discover, in the perusal of this 
little book, the fact, that it requires study more than mere read¬ 
ing ; for, in a great many instances, it will be found that there 
are single sentences, each one of which would alone afford materi¬ 
als sufficient to occupy whole pages. 

But I will not weary my readers with a longer introduction; for, 
like myself, there are many who possess a considerable regard for 
brevity, and a decided antipathy to superfluous matter. I will, 
therefore, leave them to test by experiment the correctness of this 
science. 


ALEX. GIBSON. 


THE TEMPERAMENTS. 


> The Temperaments are divided into four kinds—first, Lympha¬ 
tic; second, Sanguine; third, Bilious; and, fourth, Nervous. 

It is seldom, in this country, that those temperaments can be 
found pure in any one individual. We generally have the com¬ 
pounds, or a combination in different proportions, although one or 
the other may preponderate. Thus, if bilious and lymphatic are 
in the same individual, there may be two parts bilious and one 
lymphatic ; or the other temperaments may unite in different pro¬ 
portions. , And in all cases it will be found, that that tempera¬ 
ment which occupies the ascendency will govern and sway the in¬ 
dividual who possesses it, in proportion to the extent to which it 
predominates. 

We will proceed, first, to give a description of the pure temper¬ 
aments, and of the character that accompanies each one; secondly, 
a few of the combinations; thirdly, rules for the cultivation of the 
temperaments; and, lastly, a few remarks on the value of the 
science. 


LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT. 

The Lymphatic Temperament is known by a pale, white com¬ 
plexion, fine light hair, frequently thin, full and round form of 
body, generally fat, and frequently having a double chin; the 
muscles are rather soft, the extremities are large, the joints cover¬ 
ed with fat, and dark hazy sleepy-looking eyes ; the blood is tardy 
in its movement through the vessels; the assimilating organs are 
generally good, and the appetite.is strong and frequently indulg¬ 
ed ; their physical powers are generally limited, and in some par¬ 
ticulars nearly or quite wanted. 

,This temperament is produced by the great activity of the absor¬ 
bents, which are capable of taking up greater quantities of chyle, 
and more rapidly, than in any other temperament; consequently, 
a person in whom this temperament largely preponderates, or is 
entire, wants food in great abundance; although he may not be 
very fat, yet he has digested and carried into the system a great 
amount of nourishment, and in such eases the waste of the system 
is active. They defecate great quantities; Jheir urine is frequent 
and high colored; the perspiration has a disagreeable odor, and 
the skin is rather greasy. These effects diminish in those who are 






inclined to grow fat or corpulent. In the same ratio that this tem¬ 
perament exists, the individual will be averse to labor either of the 
mind or body, and will do no more than is for his actual interest, 
or what necessity compels him to; he will 

“ Turn on his couch 

Like ponderous door upon its weary hin^e, 

And having rolled him out with much ado, 

And many a dismal sigh and vain attempt, 

He sauntered out, accoutred carelessly, 

With half.oped, misty, unobservant eye. 

Somniferous, that weighed the object down, 

On which its burden felL” 

He is penurious and slovenly in his habits; his clothes may be 
clean, yet they do but hide a dirty skin. He will make a quiet 
neighbor, unless you disturb his miserly propensities, which will 
not allow a straw to be removed without payment. He will never 
refuse an invitation to dinner; in fact, he will gorge himself at 
the tables of others, while his own board will be spread with the 
cheapest fare. At an entertainment he will think more of the 
supper than he will of the amusements; he will be the first at the 
table and the last to quit it. He is always ready to receive, but 
never to give. He has a desire for learning, limited to the extent 
of his necessary business; while, generally, a good share of self¬ 
esteem makes him an apt critic. He is seldom or never raised to 
any eminence; the name of a rich man is preferred by him to any 
name upon the book of fame, lie is a stranger to all feelings of 
sympathy for his fellow-creatures, and a beggar from such a one 
will receive more scowls than pence. lie can never be a robber 
or a concoctor of treasonable or daring enterprises, although always 
u ripe for the spoilstreason and stratagem are not in his nature ; 
hence, Caesar says, “ Let me have men about me that are fat.” 

A person of this temperament feels but little attachment to the 
opposite sex; he has little desire to love or be loved ; the beauties 
and excellencies of females do not excite his admiration ; he is 
only moderately fond of children, as they are too much trouble 
and expense; he has few friends, and will sacrifice nothing for 
them; he takes care of self first, and makes friendship subservient 
to interest. He prefers to live in one house or place, hut takes 
little interest in. improving it, and will readily change it when, 
interest requires it; he is exceedingly close in making bargains; 
he communicates but little respecting his pecuniary affairs, and 
will resort to many little cunning devices; he incurs no risks, but 
is always on the safe side, and binds everything sure that he 
may know just where to find it; he seldom loses anything, and 
gives or spends money only when, it is sure to be returned with 
interest. He has little regard for popularity, and is not at all 
mortified by censure. He estimates himself above all others, as> 


7 


well as his sayings and doings, and will very frequently strut 
around with the greatest degree of dignity and self-sufficiency; yet 
he is anything but high-minded, and will frequently demean him¬ 
self. He has few conscientious scruples, and has therefore little 
regard for moral principle, justice, etc.; yet he cannot be provoked 
to rage or violence, but will punish his adversaries by bestowing 
upon them some severe epithets—he is averse to crime, lest self 
might suffer. As a matter of course he has little of the innate 
spirit of devotion, is not easily impressed with the worshipping 
sentiment, and will be more moral than pious; and could about as 
easily go through the eye of the needle, as to give all his posses¬ 
sions for the promises of the next life. He cares but little for the 
happiness of his fellow beings, and will make no sacrifices for them; 
he will do few acts of kindness, and then very grudgingly; he is 
not deficient in mechanical skill, but can improve on the contriv¬ 
ances of others, yet has not sufficient energy for mechanical pur¬ 
poses ; he has little taste for manners and refinement, and does not 
enjoy the grand and the sublime; he has the ability to relate 
anecdotes, mimic and act out almost anything to the very life, and 
will frequently gesticulate much while speaking,—will imitate the 
oddities of others and can be extremely droll and humorous,—can 
keep a whole company in a complete fit of laughter; he has some 
theatrical taste and talent, and with a good share of the nervous 
temperament he makes a superior artist. His arguments generally 
consist in ridiculing and showing up the absurdities of the opposite 
party. 

Those persons who are noted for eccentricity of character inva¬ 
riably possess a share of this temperament; and although it may 
not be a very large share, yet you will notice it by the following 
signs :—they will have a little stoop of the shoulder when walk¬ 
ing, which sets the head proportionably forward, with the top of 
the head sometimes thrown a little backward, which causes a pro¬ 
jecting forward of the chin. They have considerable freedom and 
power of expression, and easily select just such words as will con¬ 
vey their meaning; they will not cultivate the intellectual capa¬ 
bilities any more than is absolutely necessary for the acquisition 
and accumulation of property. 

This temperament will bear the effects of ardent spirits to a great 
^extent.' The circulation of the blood being slow, and the absorb¬ 
ents so very active, together with the regular action of the bowels, 
that drinking to the greatest excess will scarcely induce diseases of 
an inflammatory nature; neither will it when the individual is 
composed of bilious and lymphatic. Yet, after all, they will die a 
premature death from disease induced by intemperance; because, 
from constant and over-exertion the absorbents, as well as the 
kidneys, become exhausted and finally cease to act, and the indi¬ 
vidual dies of the dropsy or gout; or he may recover, but only to 


die from a subsequent attack,—for such individuals, when once 
fairly afloat in the current of excess, rarely reform, owing to the 
great and increased hankering after something stimulating. I 
mention this, for the reason, that the question has often been asked 
—Why will some individuals bear the effects of intemperance to 
such a great extent 7 


SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT. 


The sanguine temperament is known by a well-defined form, 
moderate plumpness or rotundity of person, the flesh is firm, the 
muscles and tendons are well and strongly marked ; all the joints 
are small, while the chest is large; the head is rather small, the 
countenance is flushed, the hair is light and inclined to chestnut; 
the eye is blue and restless; the stature is erect, with the head well 
up; the movements of the body and mind are quick and vivid, and 
the memory prompt. 

This temperament is produced by a capacious chest and lungs, 
and the free absorption of oxygen received from the atmosphere. 
This oxygen, and the great rapidity with which the blood moves- 
through the lungs, creates (according to Professor Liebig) and 
increases heat, which gives to the brain its great and frequent over 
activity, and to the muscles their redness, strength, and size. 
When we consider that the heart and lungs are large, and propel 
the blood with velocity through the entire system, it is easy to* 
imagine that the mind and passions must be quick, and that, in 
consequence of so much vascular action thrown on the muscles* 
they in turn, must be increased in size and power, endowing the' 
physical system with great strength; while the brain, which is 
small, is easily excited and often impells the individual to hasty 
and inconsiderate actions which he soon has to regret. The larger 
the heart and lungs, the greater will be the courage of the indi¬ 
vidual : he will break through all obstacles that may stand between 
him and that which is to satisfy the present desire; 

“That unconquered soul, 

No laws can limit, no respect control.” 

A person of this temparament is never idle either in mind or 
body; is always full of business, has unbounded expectations, is 
always ready to start on any new project that his erratic brain 
may prompt, regardless of the consequences. lie is always wan¬ 
ting to get rich in a day, and is always reaching after something 
that he seldom attains to; he contemplates the future with high 
expectations of happiness, and dwells upon his projects and his 
prospects with bright anticipations of success; he will magnify ad¬ 
vantages, and diminish obstacles ; will dwell upon the fairer side 




9 


of prospects, and will take only a slight glance at discouraging 
circumstances; will promise himself and others more than is rea¬ 
sonable ; will attempt too much, and will look upon even difficult 
attainments as very easy; be subject to frequent disappointments, 
yet neither disappointments nor misfortunes will damp the ardor 
of his hope ; will be always on the tiptoe of expectation,—is cheer¬ 
ful and lively, and thinks himself adequate to almost any under¬ 
taking. Yet his labor seldom amounts to anything; for such an 
individual is fickle-minded, irresolute, undecided, impulsive, 
changed by the slightest motives ; a creature of circumstances, and 
is as°unstable as water. This individual, surrounded by good in¬ 
fluences, will at times be somewhat moral and religious in feeling; 
yet he cannot withstand his larger propensities, and is easily and 
frequently led into temptation. He indulges freely in the pleasures 
of life, worshipping at the shrine of Bacchus, while the gambling 
table is the altar at which he sacrifices. Although in rags, he 
•will walk with a haughty air, a libel on the image of his God. 
>JElis temper is ungovernable, and he is therefore easily excited to 
acts of violence ; he is however easily persuaded, but cannot be 
driven, as he is full of the spirit of resentment^? He will become 
enthusiastic in telling what he has done and can do. He is for¬ 
ward and talkative, acts just as he feels ; speaks just what he thinks 
without any regard to time, circumstances or manner : will give 
frequent and needless offence ; and, indeed, is often understood to 
say more than he even meant or intended to say, and is exceed¬ 
ingly liable to say and do wrong. If he commits a foul act, it is 
done in a hurry, at the impulse of the moment, and is seldom or 
ever premeditated; and when caught (which he is almost certain 
to be,) he soon confesses the whole, and is deeply contrite for what 
he has done, and would do all in his power to place things as they 
were before. He manifests guilt, in fact his countenance be¬ 
trays the inmost workings of his soul. 

“ How comes the wanton blood up in your cheek. 

They’ll be in scarlet straight at any news.” 


He will never remain in a place where he has been guilty of any 
bad action. He will resolve and again resolve on amendment, but 
is a^ain overcome. He estimates the presence of the opposite sex 
more than their minds, and experiences more animal passion than 
conjugal love ; is capable of coquetry; and can form one attachment 
after another with comparative ease. He is strongly inclined and 
urged to profligacy, licentiousness, vulgar allusions, indelicate ex¬ 
pressions and jests, and to the relation of obscene anecdotes. In 
love he is more fickle than the wind, and at the very time one 
would suppose him fast in the snares of the wily god he is the 
furthest off; and yet disgust follows close upon the heels ot his 
pleasure. He is considerably fond of children and will frequently 


10 


play and sport with them, and ean gain their affection ; yet is some¬ 
times too indulgent, and at others is liable to punish them severely 
for trifling offences. He is warm-hearted towards his friends, and 
nothing is too good for them ; he will readily take their part, yet 
he is so desirous of being thought and spoken well of—of being 
noticed, commended, esteemed, praised, and admired, that he is 
quickly offended by any coldness or apparent neglect, and is too 
ready to construe any -want of attention, into dislike; and there¬ 
fore will seldom retain them long; yet he will not unfrequently 
and immediately go and sacrifice his honor on the altar of his larger 
propensities. He is bold, haughty, domineering, forward, con¬ 
ceited, and jealous, and is perfectly blind to his own faults. As 
his volatile propensity will not allow him to think or act long 
enough on any one thing to perfect it, he can therefore never be a 
man of science, for want of application. He can never make a 
good governor in any situation, as his want of reflection will lead 
him to acts that he will soon regret. He will make a general 
scholar, rather than a critical one, and is more apt to have a little 
knowledge of many sciences rather than a profound knowledge of 
any. He will soon get weary of one book, one piece of work, one 
study, &c., takes up another, and again returns to the first; pre¬ 
fers short pieces of work and short studies upon various subjects to 
long ones upon any. If he arises to address a public assembly you 
may expect to hear a rough and boisterous harangue, a storm of 
windy words which soon blows over, and then the speech is done. 
Arouse his sympathies in your favor, and he cannot do too much 
for you; praise him, and he works well. He will frequently change 
the place of his abode, as, however much he may be interested in. 
persons, places, or things, his thirst for variety is so great that 
they will soon lose their charms, and he will then sacrifice them 
all for something new. He places but little value upon money, 
spends it without sufficient consideration, and frequently without 
getting its full value; will not save such small sums as shillings or 
dollars, but will spend his last dollar as freely as his first; he°thus 
lives on enjoying the present, willing to let the future provide 
for itself. He will frequently run in debt without making any 
provision for its payment, and cares not how expensive things are, 
piovided they take his fancy. In fact he will decide and act with¬ 
out due deliberation, forethought, or discretion, and will drive for¬ 
ward in such a furious and reckless manner that he frequently 
defeats his own plans, and is often obliged to undo what he has 
done. He generally enjoys good health, and when sick it is almost 
.always ot an inflammatory disease. 


11 


BILIOUS TEMPERAMENT. 


The bilious temperament is known by coarse and dark hair, 
black eyes, the sclerotic coat of which is sometimes tinged with 
yellow; the skin is dark and sallow, the expression of the counte¬ 
nance is strong, and the eyelashes heavy; the whole body is rather 
thin, yet the muscles are hard and firm ; there is a uniform size of 
the head and chest, yet the whole contour of the individual is 
rather forbidding. 

This temperament is produced by an excessive action of and de¬ 
termination to the biliary organs; the pulsation is slow, and the 
circulation through the lungs and system is sluggish; the diges¬ 
tion is good, yet the appetite is not craving. In consequence of 
the slow movement of the blood through the lungs, it does not re¬ 
ceive a great amount of oxygen; and consequently, so much heat 
is not generated and thrown on the brain as in the sanguine. The 
result is a slow but sure movement of the brain, mind, and body. 
There is a strong determination of blood to the biliary organs, yet 
all the musculer system is firm and strong; and in this respect, 
and in the bony structure, this temperament is closely allied to 
the sanguine. 

An individual of this temperament is slow to action, takes his 
own time for it, and is not easily excited by sudden events; dwells 
patiently on any subject of interest, considers well the chances, 
both for and against him, goes to the very bottom and investigates 
them thoroughly before decision or action; he will then act with 
spirit and energy, combined with the most unbending determina¬ 
tion. He combines discretion with valor, intrepidity with careful¬ 
ness, and is always perfectly self-possessed ; makes every effort tell 
directly on the object in view, will seldom retrace his steps or 
undo what he has done; he may at times seem to drive forward 
with some fury, but will generally steer clear of everything that 
can upset his calculations or obstruct his progress; when fairly 
aroused his mind is inflexible ; he is bold and resolute in what¬ 
ever he undertakes, never ceasing until it is executed ; his courage 
and activity are equal to any chance to which he may apply them. 
He keeps his own counsel; discloses his feelings to none, is crafty, 
reserved and mysterious; will effect his purpose indirectly and 
without detection; can govern his feelings and restrain all the open 
manifestations of anger, joy, grief, &c., and can also banish from 
his countenance and appearance the indications of his real feelings; 
is careful in what he says, is not free in expressing his feelings, is 
slow to communicate, form attachments, or make acquaintances; 
does not make the first advances to strangers, but is always wary 
and on the alert, will use flattery when occasion demands it for the 



12 


accomplishment of some object, but cannot himself be flattered; 
generally answers questions and expresses opinions in an ambigu¬ 
ous, equivocal, evasive, or indefinite manner, which will bear differ¬ 
ent interpretations—so that he seldom commits, himself; yet he 
thinks a great deal; employs art, cunning, management and man¬ 
oeuvre ; pries into the secrets of others and sounds them closely; 
generally judges correctly of character, and so successfully con¬ 
ceals his own that but little is generally known of him even by his 
most intimate acquaintances; to sum it all up, he is dark, secret, 
and mysterious, and will generally accomplish his purposes by some 
means. 

The bilious temperament is ambitious; the individual possessing 
it, although born in obscurity, will, by his indefatigable assiduity, 
win the hill of fame in whatever road he takes; he lays his plans 
for a long time to come, and bars the door of his mind against 
everything designed to turn him, and can only be turned aside by 
impossibilities; his march is onward, and although slow it is sure. 

He will be the ruler in all things, if possible, though not apt to 
rise upon the wings of popular opinion; is never content to be 
dependant or to serve, but rather aspires to be himself a leader and 
commander; he is not governed by any particular or fixed standard 
of moral principle; is austere and independent, and lacks conde¬ 
scension requisite to become popular. As a ruler, when judgment 
or interest requires it, he will do just what he chooses to do, go 
straight forward in his own way, follow his own judgment, and 
defy the consequences; he can never be made the instrument in 
the hands of others; he will crush alike his friends and foes to 
reach the object of his desire, and whatever secrecy, ambition and 
a settled determination can attain it must be had, 

“ Though the crushed world curse him ere it dies.” 

Hence, Caesar says— 

“ Would he were fatter:—But I fear him not; 

Yet if my name were liable to fear. 

I do not know the man I should avoid 
So soon as that spare Cassius. He reads much, 

He is a great observer, and he looks 

Quite through the deeds of men ; he loves no plays, 

As thou dost, Antony; he hears no music ; 

Seldom he smiles ; and smiles in such a sort, 

As if he mocked himself, and scorned his spirit 
That could be moved to smile at anything. 

Such men as he be never at heart’s ease, 

While they behold a greater than themselves; 

And therefore are they very dangerous.”— Shakespeare. 

Such an individual generally calculates with accuracy, is not 
often led astray by favorable prospects, relies more upon the dic¬ 
tates of reason than the promises of hope, and will, therefore, gene- 


13 


rally accomplish more than most others; he receives no new doc¬ 
trine or theory unsupported by evidence, and will not be convinced 
of the truth of that for which a satisfactory reason or explanation 
cannot be rendered, but must know upon what principle of reason, 
or of cause and effect, those things are to be explained; will scruti¬ 
nize closely every point of argument and be convinced only by 
solid evidence; he generally has religious views peculiar to himself. 

He will make a good mechanic; yet his talent is better adapted 
to the making of articles which combine utility rather-than ele¬ 
gance he likes to inspect machinery, wants to know upon what 
principle it acts, and will readily detect faults in it; he will make 
a good engineer, is apt to spend considerable time in trying to 
invent perpetual motion. He is interested in his children, and will 
spend money freely for their education; he is not apt to be a very 
great favorite with them, as he is generally too deeply engaged in 
study to pay much attention to them, yet he is not easily inter¬ 
rupted by them in their plays and seldom gets out of patience with 
them. As a man of science he searches deep and confines his 
attention chiefly to the investigation of first principles ; as a public 
speaker he will rely more upon matter than manner, upon facts and 
arguments than he will upon elegance or drapery of style, and will 
himself prefer those speakers who do the same ; be seldom fastens 
the attention of an audience ; he is a man of sound practical sense ; 
of solidity rather than refinement; does not indulge in the revel- 
ings of imagination, nor is he enraptured by his own contempla¬ 
tions ; if he reads poetry it is for the argument, history, or philo¬ 
sophy it embodies, more than for its glowing imagination or vivid 
fancy. He will be great for virtue or for crime ; his vengeance may 
sleep for years, but can seldom die ; his affections and his hate are 
alike unalterable, although he may smother both to accomplish 
some desired end. An injury or a favor is never forgotten. None 
but a bilious temperament can plan and execute a “ deep and dam¬ 
ning plot” without detection; if he murders his detection and con¬ 
viction are doubtful as he will never allow his countenance to be 
the index of his mind, like the sanguine, who betrays the. inmost 
workings of the soul. In this temperament the faculties, both 
physical and mental, are early developed, they may be boys in age 
but men in action. 

“ Cardinal Richelieu, who possessed this temperament nearly 
pure, began when a boy and soon raised and maintained himself 
in the highest ranks,—feared by a king whose authority he esta¬ 
blished, hated by the nobles whose power he destroyed, haughty 
and implacable towards his enemies and ambitious of every road to 
glory.” Such persons do not make good governors; in schools 
they are too stern and self-willed, not easy in their manners, and 
small, trifling matters cannot occupy their mind. They indulge 
but little in the pleasures of the table, as they care more for food 


14 


for the mind than for the body. They are sometimes subject to 
melancholy, and when so, their temper is violent, petulent and 
irreconcileable; they think the whole world is against them; if 
insane, they are turbulent in all their actions and very difficult to 
manage. The diseases to which they are subject are generally of 
a bilious kind. 


NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT. 

This temperament may be known by a large head, light eyes, 
small chest, thin hair, and rather a pale look. The muscles are 
thin and soft, the body is weak and cannot endure hardship, the 
head is rather inclined forward, but taking little notice of what is 
passing, seldom seeing a person first; all the movements are quick 
and restless. 

This temperament is caused by, or is the result of. a weak and 
debilitated circulation. The chest is narrow, and but a small 
amount of oxygen can be thrown into the system by reason of the 
contraction of the lungs, there not being a sufficiency of surface for 
the atmosphere to spread on, in order that the oxygen may be ab¬ 
sorbed and carried into the circulation. 

We see in the lymphatic temperament the great action of the 
lymphatic absorbents, craving and carrying so much nutriment 
into the system. In the sanguine we see the increased circulation 
predominating; while in the bilious there is an excessive action in 
the biliary organs; and in the last we find there is a greater acti¬ 
vity in the nervous system. The brain is large, the susceptibility 
is quick, giving a quickness to all the movements of the body and 
mind. The health is generally poor, the constitution is delicate, 
and cannot stand much fatigue. There is a great mind lodged in 
a weak frame. A person of this temperament has but little power 
of body, not sufficient, in many cases, to execute or obey the dic¬ 
tates of the mind, which is exalted and intelligent, refusing to 
stoop to any thing undignified. He will never be guilty of a mean 
or dishonest action, but will be just, obliging, and faithful to his 
word, and possesses true moral w r orth in a high degree. In fact 
he would on no consideration knowingly do wrong, or injure an¬ 
other. He would rather starve than steal, and would make any 
sacrifice rather than incur guilt; is tormented with the mere sus • 
picion of having done wrong; and, indeed, so sensitive is he on 
this point that he frequently experiences the feeling of remorse for 
things that are even right; and if he is suspicious of having said 
or done wrong, he feels miserable until he is sure that all is right 
again. If he fails to fulfill a promise, he feels unhappy, even 



15 


though to have fulfilled it was impossible. He possesses a keen 
and discriminating sense of justice, right and wrong, &c., and is 
scrupulously exact in all his dealings; he will always take an open, 
fair, honest, honorable, dignified, and high-minded course, and 
heartily despise every thing like low cunning or management— 
employs nothing but fair means, and does nothing behind the cur¬ 
tain. He is eminently social and affectionate, enjoys the company 
of friends, will deeply sympathize with them in their distress, and 
will sacrifice much for their sakes; yet he will quickly but affec¬ 
tionately reprove them for wrong. He is a true-hearted and 
devoted friend; is always very polite, and will express his feelings 
in a refined, easy, and delicate manner. He will recollect, with 
vivid emotions of delight, the by-gone scene of social and friendly 
intercourse, and will rightly appreciate their character. In selec¬ 
ting friends, he requires first of all, that they be perfectly moral 
and honest. He highly estimates the company of the opposite 
sex; is quite sensible to their charms; and will exercise towards 
them more pure love and virtuous affection, more pure and senti¬ 
mental friendship, than mere animal feeling. He treats them with 
a refinement and delicacy of manner, and is exceedingly disgusted 
with vulgarity, particularly in females. 

He is deeply interested in children, willingly endures paternal 
care and toil, spares no pains in educating them, in chastising them 
he spares the rod, and mingles with his government, mildness and 
affection. He considers them his greatest treasure, will make them 
many presents, has a happy talent for instructing them, cannot 
bear to be absent from them long at a time, will feel more anxiety 
concerning them than he will for his property, and will grieve 
immoderately at their loss. Mothers in whom this temperament 
predominates are devotedly attached to their children, and treat 
them most tenderly. 

An individual of this temperament is not contentious, but has a 
mild, amiable and inoffensive disposition; avoids quarreling, and 
will not unfrequently surrender rights rather than contend for 
them; he will say but little in return if insulted, but will grieve 
over it by himself; yet is always ready to overlook injuries, par¬ 
ticularly where forgiveness is asked ; he will seek retirement from 
the noise and bustle of life, in literary and scientific acquirements, 
and religious devotion, and will frequently contemplate the perfec¬ 
tions of Deity; has a strong religious tendency of mind ; will pay 
respect to the religious opinions of others, and will always treat his 
superiors with deference, and his equals with respect. He will have 
a taste for the fine arts in all their branches; he requires to be 
alone in his studies, being easily interrupted in his plans or work, 
owing to the extreme sensibility of his nervous system, for he 
gives his whole mind to one and but one thing at a time, and will 
hold his mind to a train of thought, subject of study, or piece of 


16 


work until they are entirely completed. In pecuniary matters 
he is neither prodigal nor penurious, spending money freely in sup¬ 
plying the wants of his family or for the advancement of the benev¬ 
olent objects of the day ; indeed he will frequently grieve over the 
miseries of mankind, is moved at the sight of pain and suffering, 
and will bestow gifts in sueh a refined and delicate a manner as not 
to oppress the recipient with a sense of obligation. In fact there 
is no predisposition in this temperament to be the miser or to hoard 
up the things of the world; on the contrary, to have a good and 
honest name is the height of his ambition. His feelings are deeply 
wounded by the finger of scorn, and is unable to bear up under 
ridicule; he will never thrust himself forward, but rather requires 
urging to speak or write what he may know; he frequently expe¬ 
riences much of the feeling of unworthiness and inferiority, and is 
frequently undervalued by others; he is apt to brood over misfor¬ 
tunes, dwells chiefly upon the dark shades of the picture, and will 
borrow a great deal of trouble even in prosperity; he considers the 
common standard of friendship so very low, and its exercise so im¬ 
perfect, as to make him dissatisfied with life, because he will be 
able to find but few minds of kindred sympathy and pathos with 
his own. 

This temperament must greatly predominate in a person who is 
a good portrait or decorative painter, for the predominance of any 
other temperament would not allow of that fine taste requisite in 
this profession; he could not pore over his work with that careful 
assiduity so necessary to make a canvass breathe; the minor points 
would be passed unliedeed; persons of this temperament possess ex¬ 
quisiteness of taste and feeling, a brilliant fancy, an admiration of 
the elegant, the beautiful, the gorgeous, the ornamental, the per¬ 
fect and sublime; of the fine arts and polite literature; of music and 
poetry of a high order, and of eloquence; cannot admire the coarse, 
the vulgar, or the gaudy; their productions are never of a light or 
trifling nature ; they can never write a comedy, as their ideas are 
always reaching after the sublime and beautiful; they will relish 
everything fanciful and exquisite wherever it is to be found. As 
mechanics they will readily learn the use of tools, and will give 
a peculiar finish and neatness to all their work, and will excel in 
making fine and fancy articles. They are good advisers in matters 
of the fine arts or literature, but bad in anything that requires 
boldness or much physical energy to execute, always taking the 
dark side of the picture. He will govern by moral suasion instead 
of force. 

If this temperament was cultivated to the extent to which it 
might be; we would seldom hear of man’s inhumanity to man; our 
newspapers would then cease to record deeds of violence, bloody 
murders, and suicides; and never until then. 


17 


The reader will perceive by the description of the temperaments 
when acting singly, or where one greatly predominates, as here 
given, that the individual, let his ruling temperament be either of 
the four, must be of an unhappy disposition. He is urged on to 
the extremes of gluttony, drunkenness, and avariciousness in the 
lymphatic; boisterous, restless, and inconstant in the sanguine; 
cool, calculating, and treacherous in the bilious; and, timid and 
foreboding in the nervous. 

These temperaments are nevertheless capable of being modified 
or extended to their fullest extent by circumstances, but when left 
to act free and natural, all the different modifications existing in 
an individual will be shown as exigencies may call them into 
action, either singly or compoundly. Says Dr .Smith : “ In order 
more fully to test the correctness of this theory, I have frequently 
visited our police and watch-houses, in order to see if the species 
of crime the prisoners that had been brought in had been guilty 
of, could be told before their accusation was made known. And 
in all my frequent visits to the several prisons, by studying the 
temperaments of the inmates I have seldom failed in telling the 
nature of their crime without the least previous intimation. If 
the sanguine predominates, his deed will be of a boisterous kind; 
and as we have before said, if he commits a foul act, it is done in 
a hurry, on the impulse of the moment, and is seldom if ever pre¬ 
meditated; and when caught (which he is almost certain to be) he 
soon confesses the whole, is deeply contrite for what he has done, 
and would do all in his power to place things as they were before. 
On the contrary, if the bilious predominates, all the calculations 
are made beforehand ; even the smallest and most trivial points are 
nicely arranged, and after all the preliminaries are settled, in some 
dark or secret place, and the long premeditated villainy is executed 
—catch them if you can.” 

I would here remark, that we may have one temperament de¬ 
veloped by nature and changed by the force of circumstances. For 
instance, if an individual of a sanguine temperament was confined 
in a prison until all hope of release or escape had vanished, his 
ambition would be broken, and his temperament would, to a certain 
extent, run into the nervous ; but let him out suddenly to the air 
and freedom, and he will soon return to his former temperament. In 
this manner they may all be affected, by forcing them into contrary 
channels; yet they must be kept so, or they will soon return to 
their natural element. 

It will beseen that all the vicious or evil propensities of man¬ 
kind are located in the sanguine and bilious temperaments, and it 
will be found that the individual in whom either may predominate, 
is capable of performing the crimes allotted to each. 

The other two temperaments are averse to crime. The nervous 
is so exalted and high-minded that he would rather starve than 

2 


18 


steal; the lymphatic is fearful he will have to work while in pri¬ 
son, or that the food furnished will not he sufficient for his glut¬ 
tonous appetite; he cares less for the obloquy attached to a prison, 
than he does for the accommodation. But because the person has 
got the power to be a knave, it is not pretended that he must be 
one. We want the sanguine to give force and energy to our physi¬ 
cal capacity, to enable us to endure the fatigues that the nervous 
or great mind directs ; we want the bilious, that our acts may not 
be hasty, that we may take time to think and reflect, to make deep 
and searching calculations, and to give us perseverance and pa¬ 
tience in any pursuit; and the lymphatic is necessary to give us 
a degree of relish for the natural aliments of the body, and to 
deter us from giving when the object is unworthy or not entitled 
to the intended benefice. 


COMPOUND TEMPERAMENTS. 


TWO PARTS SANGUINE AND ONE BILIOUS. 

This individual may be known by brown hair, dark or grey 
eyes, yet on close observation a bluish tinge may be seen in them ; 
he will not be fat, but solid, with strong muscles, large chest, 
rather small but erect head ; his memory will be prompt and good r 
his countenance rather rough, and considerable hair on his body. 

Such an individual is capable of doing a great amount of labor, 
he will rise early and go to bed late, enduring long fatigue ; his 
sanguine gives him force, while the bilious renders him persevering. 
If brought up in idleness and immorality, he will indulge in all 
the low vices, carousing, gambling, and debauchery; but if pro¬ 
perly educated, and good examples are set before him, he will 
make an ornament to society. He will govern well, but will not 
be governed in a dictatorial manner, he can be persuaded but not 
driven. On general subjects, his advice is good, although rather 
forward, talkative, and commanding considerable respect. He- 
will not be liked as a public speaker, his roughness is too promi¬ 
nent. He will make a good mechanic. 


TWO PARTS SANGUINE AND ONE NERVOUS. 

This individual is known by a bluish eye, rather light hair, large 
chest, a good sized head, body not fat, muscles middling firm, and 
the countenance fair. Here we have force of mind and body, he 
will speak well; having a taste for fine words and fine things, the 
workings of his mind can be thrown off to good advantage, though 
rather quick. He will make a good lawyer or minister, being 
capable of giving great force and effect to his language ; he is am- 






19 


bitious of a high station, where he can show off his arguments. 
He is proud and imperious in his manners. Such an one will 
get through the world well, though seldom rich, hie will govern 
well, and at the same time can be governed. He will never make 
a go id mechanic, for want of patience (bilious.) He may write 
well, but is seldom an author of works of much magnitude, for the 
same reason, he cannot dwell long enough on any one subject at a 
time without great difficulty. 


SANGUINE AND LYMPHATIC. 

The sanguine and lymphatic do not combine well without the 
intervention of a third; but when they do combine, either two 
parts sanguine, and one lymphatic, or the reverse, we generally 
find a simpleton, because the sanguine makes them boisterous and 
the lymphatic gluttonous. In a majority of cases in which the 
individuals are born with these temperaments, we will see a noisy, 
voracious disposition, rather indolent, though ferocious when ex¬ 
cited for a moment; every thing must give way for their dinner. 
They generally grow up powerful and athletic. 


TWO PARTS BILIOUS AND ONE SANGUINE. 

When there are two parts bilious and one sanguine, being the- 
reverse of the first combination, the individual will be known by 
dark hair, dark or grey eyes, rather dark complexion, the muscles 
will be marked, a coarse made person, lean, although stout; such 
an one has the slow, cool, calculating action of the brain, yet with 
a sufficiency of sanguine to give him force. He has the faculty of 
contriving and carrying out to the end any project he may think 
best to engage in. He is a good traveler, being able to endure 
great hardships. He will make a good soldier for an extermina¬ 
ting war, being brave, selfish, cruel, and ambitious. Says Dr. I. 
S. Smith : “ this has been the temperament of several noted pirates 
whom I have examined. 7 ’ 

In general the body and mind are sound, but the individual is 
not apt to seek for the highest rank in society, though if they pos¬ 
sess it, they will never relinquish their claim without a struggle. 
Their conscience is to a certain extent limited. Their plans are 
never brought out until well matured, and then they must never 
rest until they are consummated. In fact they never tire, either 
in mind or body. As masters of vessels, and in all cases where it 
requires a stern and persevering government, they are the best 
qualified. As public speakers, their arguments may be good and 
their language well chosen, yet they will seldom succeed in fasten¬ 
ing the attention of an audience. 




20 


TWO PARTS BILIOUS AND ONE LYMPHATIC. 

This individual may be known by dark or black hair, dark 
eyes, rather a pale look, and is inclined to be fat, although he may 
not be corpulent. This individual is of a far-reaching, grasping 
disposition, and is well calculated to accumulate property. His 
bilious enables him to lay deep and generally successful plans, 
while his lymphatic knows how to take care of what comes into 
the treasury ;—will seldom buy, sell, or barter without getting the 
best end of the bargain; keeps an exceedingly sharp look- out, and 
seldom meets with losses; does not desire the highest position in 
society; is a good neighbor, and minds hia own business ; and is 
much better satisfied with this world as it is than many other in¬ 
dividuals. 


TWO PARTS BILIOUS AND ONE NERVOUS. 

This individual may be known by black and rather coarse hair, 
dark eyes, good sized head, the whole body rather thin, and the 
face inclined to be pale. 

An individual of this temperament is ambitious of a high sta¬ 
tion, will plan and execute well, is moderately easy in his man¬ 
ners, will make a good lawyer or a sharp, shrewd speculator, and 
is capable of conducting business on a large scale ; he will make 
a good mechanic, having a good taste, combined with perseverance, 
although he will not be satisfied with anything less than the office 
of overseer; he will sometimes be irritable and difficult to please. 

EQUAL PARTS OF SANGUINE, BILIOUS, AND 
NERVOUS. 

This conjunction may be known by light brown hair, generally 
fair complexion, although sometimes a little sandy, bluish gray 
eyes, sharp and expressive, moderately firm muscles, good sized 
chest and head, manners easy and familiar. In such a person 
there is the energetic sanguine, steady bilious, and high-minded 
nervous; giving at once great powers of body and mind, a high- 
toned persevering ambition—“ Fond of the power, but fonder of 
the prize; fame, eternal fame, is the main spring of his life.” 
His life will be devoted to making an impression on the world’s 
history that shall endure for ever; and he will succeed, for 
His course is onward, like the mountain stream, 

That seeks to pay its tribute to the main ; 

Check its career, it overleaps the rock, 

Or winds its sinuous course through other paths, 

Until it hails the object of its aim. 

His powerful mind will show itself on most all occasions: as a 
man of science, he searches deep; as an orator, he stands unri- 




21 


vailed; his arguments are strong, and given with a force of lan¬ 
guage that fastens his opponents, and pleases while it kills. He is 
a true friend or an open enemy; frank, free and generous, he wil 
never despoil a conquered foe. As a ruler, he will not govern for 
to-day, but for ages yet to come ; with courage unquestionable, 
he will yet, if possible, gain his point by diplomacy, but if drawn 
-to the field, he will generally conquer, his plan of action being 
more on the defensive than on the offensive. He is seldom gloomy 
or desponding, but on the contrary, he is generally cheerful, full of 
hope and patience, continuing to the end in all things. 

EQUAL PARTS OF LYMPHATIC, BILIOUS, AND 
NERVOUS. 

If we put Lymphatic in the place of Sanguine, we have nearly 
the same result as the former, only the energies are modified; the 
individual is more penurious, and thinks considerable of his sto¬ 
mach ; is rather inclined to be fat, although not corpulent; he will 
preside with dignity and judgment in any situation. He can bear 
confinement, and, consequently, will make a good accountant, 
clerk, or lawyer, etc. He will not be fond of moving, but is more 
domesticated. He has a noble mind, that when once roused to ac¬ 
tion, will perform its part in life’s drama in a masterly manner; 
he is seldom addicted to a life of profligacy, is easy in his affec¬ 
tions, and vanity, to a certain extent, will govern all his operations. 

TWO PARTS NERVOUS AND ONE LYMPHATIC. 

Here we will see a large head, grey eyes, smooth face, small 
chest, rather large or fleshy joints, and generally a stoop when 
walking. 

A person of this temperament is generally ingenious, always 
contriving and making some new invention. 

This is generally the temperament of our great portrait and 
other painters; their language is good, and their works of art 
are generally of the highest order ; their health is generally poor 
for want of exercise, and if they are not temperate in all things, 
their life is easily terminated. 

The reader will now be able to judge for himself, when, and 
in what proportions the different temperaments exist in any in¬ 
dividual, by study and a reference to what has already been 
said, and the directions before given. We will now give the 
temperaments of a few well known characters. 


GENERAL JACKSON 

was two parts Bilious, one Sanguine, and one Nervous. This 
gave him great command over his mind, considerable secretive- 








22 


ness, and a capability of enduring great hardship. He never 
tired, was bold and daring, and, in a measure, instilled the same 
feeling into those about him. He was headstrong and deter¬ 
mined when he thought he was right—this came from his bil¬ 
ious ; his sanguine gave him great energy and force of mind 
and body; while his high-toned principles of honor, that would 
not allow him to demean himself, arose from his nervous. All 
who knew him, knew him to be a coarse-made person, rather 
lean, and dark complexion, his hair in middle life was dark and 
coarse, showing the predominance of the bilious, while his gray 
eyes showed that sanguine and nervous formed part of his 
composition. No man was ever more persevering and firm; 
he kept the reins of government in his own hands, and what he 
said was law, and could not be altered, and he would generally 
be sustained in anything he undertook; he would in all cases 
enjoy his own fixed opinion, although the world was against 
him. 


HENRY CLAY. 

The temperament of Henry Clay was equal parts of sanguine, 
bilious and nervous. He had a good sized head and chest, a 
strongly marked countenance and grey eyes. As we have described 
this temperament in another place, to which the reader is referred, 
we will merely remark here, that it made him a high-minded, am¬ 
bitious and persevering man (from his sanguine and nervous). He 
was shrewd and watchful, his words were soft but full of force, his 
arguments were impressive, and he would listen to the reasons’and 
advice of others, but kept his own plans to himself. 


DANIEL WEBSTER. 

Says Dr. Smith: The temperament of Daniel Webster, as well 
as could be judged by seeing him at a distance, consists of equal 
parts of nervous and lymphatic ; at all events, these temperaments 
greatly predominate ; he has a large head, showing his great men¬ 
tal powers, and a large, heavy, though not corpulent body; his eyes 
are dark, and though truly a great man, it takes great subjects to 
awaken him; he thinks considerable of his stomach. 

Webster will do his fighting in the legislative hall, or with his 
pen, and they must be subjects of magnitude or he will not fight at 
all; it must be some such occasion as a speeeh at Faneuil Hall, 
Bunker Hill, Baltimore, Rochester or Manchester, England. It 
is such occasions alone that can arouse him; he may be raised to 
power by the exertions of his friends, but will neverraise himself. 
“ What are you going to do with me, if I leave the State Depart¬ 
ment T’ This question tells his true lymphatic temperament; 
before he lets go of one place, he wants to be sure of another 




23 


Jackson nor Clay would never have uttered such a sentence, they 
would have been independent of any such idea. 


NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. 

The predominating temperament of this individual was sanguine 
and nervous ; the movements of both his mind and body were rapid; 
indeed, the predominance of any other temperament would never 
allow of such rapidity of thought and action. It is thought by 
some that he possessed a large share of bilious, but this is not so: 
for it is well known that his plan of action was almost invariably 
•on the offensive, whereas, had he possessed precisely one-third 
bilious, they would as often have been on the defensive; we could 
cite the reader to many of his acts during life which would all go 
'to confirm this opinion. 

We will now give the temperaments, according to our opinion, 
•of a few well known scriptural characters. 

THE APOSTLE PAUL. 

Paul was evidently composed of bilious, sanguine and nervous, 
as no other combination would produce such a character as he 
exhibited; he was high-minded, energetic, persevering, bold and 
determined, as well as shrewd and watchful, and a deep reasoner. 


THE APOSTLE PETER. 

The actions of Peter afford a very good illustration of a pre¬ 
dominating sanguine temperament; he was exceedingly free in ex¬ 
pressing his feelings; he professed unbounded attachment to his 
Master ; yet very shortly after, and at the impulse of the moment, 
he denied having any knowledge of him at all, and the next thing 
we know of him, he repented and wept bitterly; it is evident that 
Peter was frequently urged to hasty and inconsiderate action. 

KING SOLOMON AND DAVID. 

Here we have two more illustrations of a predominating san¬ 
guine temperament, although they possessed a good share of ner¬ 
vous, and perhaps, a portion of bilious; Solomon having the greatest 
.share of the latter, for he dwelt more upon the value of wisdom; 
while David, on the other hand,.reflected more upon the beauties 
and excellencies of the character of the Deity, showing that he 
possessed the largest share of the nervous. 

JOB. 

The bilious temperament evidently predominated in Job ; he was 
firm to the very last; he out-reasoned all his friends, and even his 
?Satanic majesty himself could not move him ) on the other hand, 







24 


we see in the actions of his wife the predominance of the sanguine ; 
as her patience became exhausted, and was made manifest by tell¬ 
ing or advising Job to curse God and die; yet for all these things 
Job’s resolution remained unshaken. 


ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 

The cultivation of the temperaments is in my opinion a subject 
of very great importance, and one which is intimately connected 
with the well-being of mankind. Every individual might very 
profitably spend a portion of his or her time in the prosecution of a 
study, the neglect of which entails upon individuals, as well as 
society, many very disagreeable consequences. I am aware that 
much time, labor and money are spent in the cultivation of the men¬ 
tal temperament, but there is seldom anything done for the culti¬ 
vation or proper modification of the vital temperament. There is 
seldom a thought bestowed upon this subject by the great mass of 
mankind, the only care being to have enough to eat and to drink, 
no regard being paid to quality, provided it suits the taste; and in 
many cases individuals thus grow up like the ox for the slaughter. 
The question is never asked whether such an article of diet is proper 
or improper for this or that constitution, as long as the stomach 
proves equal to the task of digesting it. But neither time nor 
space will permit us to enter into an enumeration of all the evils 
which daily result from a want of proper attention to this important- 
part of the education and cultivation of man. Suffice it to say, 
that unless this question is more seriously considered by parents, 
guardians, &c., their efforts to-cultivate, to a desirable extent, the 
mental faculties of the young, will, in the majority of instances, 
in a great measure prove fruitless. Sometimes, indeed, we see an 
individual whose condition of body is favorable to the development 
of the mental powers to the fullest extent, but in the majority of 
instances we think the reverse is the case, the mind being led cap¬ 
tive by an ill-conditioned, uncultivated and ungovernable body. 
Indeed,, the grand motto of many individuals appears to be to live 
to eat, instead of eating to live. Our aim then should be to culti¬ 
vate the temperaments so as to bring about and establish at least 
a balance of power, or in other words an equilibrum between the 
mental and vital temperaments, for we will all agree that the mind 
ought to govern the body, a truth which cannot be said of the great 
mass of mankind, and one of which we have daily and ocular de¬ 
monstration, one which greatly affects his present as well as future- 
destiny. 



25 


RULES FOE THE CULTIVATION OF THE TEM¬ 
PERAMENTS. 

I. THE LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT. 

In an individual in whom this temperament is pure or largely 
predominates, the sanguine and nervous ought to be cultivated, 
and in order to do that successfully, it will be neoessary to observe 
strictly the rules which are here laid down for the accomplishment 
of that object. 

First of all, then, such children or youths must not be suffered 
to indulge too freely in eating sloppy food, as this tends to encour¬ 
age the lymphatic temperament; he must, therefore, be kept as 
much as possible on solid food, and to a child of about six years of 
age a little animal food might be given occasionally, and to a youth 
of about twelve, it may be given more liberally, and an adult 
should eat freely of it, particularly beef, mutton, veal, fowl, &c.; 
for animal food, by its stimulating properties, tends greatly to 
increase the sanguine, which will give force and energy to both his 
body and mind. I would here remark, that some individuals are 
strenuously opposed to the eating of meat in any case, but in this 
temperament it may be used with advantage while in an opposite 
one it will prove decidedly injurious, and it is thus that many peo¬ 
ple are led into error in such matters, by allowing custom and 
appetite to govern them instead of reason, observation and facts. 
Ao-ain, never allow him to drink more of any liquid than is neces¬ 
sary to satisfy the wants of nature, which want is always indicated 
by thirst, for youths will, as well as adults, soon acquire a habit 
of drinking a certain quantity at each meal, whether nature calls- 
for it or not; this is hurtful to any one; neither must he be allowed 
to eat too much of anything at one time, as over-eating induces a 
feeling of lethargy, a feeling which is averse to exercise, and one- 
which he already possesses too much of. 

EXERCISE. 

By ceaseless action all that is subsists ; 

Constant rotation of the unwearied wheel 
■That nature rides upon, maintains her health, 

Her beauty, her fertility. She dreads an instant’s pause, 

And lives but while she moves.— Cowper's Task . 

It is needless to multiply arguments in favor of Exercise, as 
it is pretty generally'known that inactivity never fails to induce 
a universal relaxation of the solids encourages the Lymphatic- 
habit and disposes the body to many diseases ; consequently, 
an individual in whom this temperament predominates must 
never neglect to take plenty of exercise, if he would hope ever 
to- be successful in cultivating an opposite one. The great ad- 



26 


vantage of exercise may be seen, if we consider that “ the 
more exercise any person takes the larger is the quantity of oxy¬ 
gen he inhales, and the warmer he becomes ; so that the person 
who takes but little exercise, inhales but little oxygen, and 
loses, in a great measure, its strengthening agency. Exercise 
also contributes to the proper circulation of the blood, the brisk 
circulation of which animates the whole man, whereas deficient 
exercise weakens the circulation and relaxes the whole muscu¬ 
lar system. 


WATER. 

I would also here recommend the external application of cold 
water, used in the form of a shower bath, which must be im¬ 
mediately followed by brisk friction with a coarse or crash 
towel, until the skin begins to grow red and assume an agree¬ 
able glow. This practice not only removes from the surface of 
the body every species of impurity, but also strengthens the 
lungs, quickens the circulation of the blood, and gives tone and 
energy to both the muscular and nervous system, and will aid 
considerably in increasing the opposite temperaments ; and will 
also tend to prevent scrofulous and other diseases, to which per¬ 
sons of a lymphatic habit are naturally predisposed, owing to 
the weakness of their blood. 


EDUCATION. 

His education must also be very strictly attended to; for, as 
we have before remarked, such individuals are averse to la¬ 
bor of the mind as well as the body, in fact, its necessity must 
be urged upon him, and that kind of reading matter ought to be 
selected for him that would have the greatest tendency to ele¬ 
vate his mind. Finally, put him to some business that requires 
a good d( gree of energy, both of body and mind, and the result 
will be an improvement of both. Many children are allowed to 
run into the lymphatic habit, by being brought up on watery 
and sloppy food, with too little exercise. 

If the above instructions are faithfully carried out, a change, 
and a permanent one, may soon be effected ; but, as a matter of 
course, the length of time required to produce this change will 
vary according to the age of the individual—a longer time be¬ 
ing required for adults; and for this last class of individuals 
there are some articles of medicine which might be very profit¬ 
ably used, such as the following:—Take rust of iron, three 
parts ; pulverized gum myrrh, one part; mix, and make into pills, 
with castile soap and molasses; two or three of which may be 
taken twice a day, and may be continued until a tinge of red is 
perceptible in the cheeks, when their use may then be sus- 



27 


pended. This medicine will aid very much in warming and 
strengthening the blood, increasing the circulation, and in im¬ 
parting firmness to the muscular system. Medicine, however, 
will seldom or never be necessary, if the previous directions are 
faithfully observed. 

Taken as a whole, the above means, if properly persevered in, 
will, in a reasonable length of time, produce a total and desir¬ 
able change, both in the constitution and character of any in¬ 
dividual of this temperament; and when this change is estab¬ 
lished, the individual’s diet, exercise, etc., must be so ordered as 
to maintain and preserve it. 


SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT. 

Here we must cultivate the Bilious and Nervous; and in order 
to be successful we must keep steadily in view the reduction of the 
sanguine to a desirable condition. And here again we will find it 
to be of the first importance to observe a proper course of 

Diet. 

Indeed, in all cases where there is a strong predisposition to any 
given temperament, the nature of the food and drink most proper 
for such individuals is very clearly pointed out. it is very evident, 
then, that in this temperament, diet of a heating and stimulating 
nature must have a pernicious effect, as it urges into constant and 
unnatural exertion all the springs of life ; and no individual can 
offer the slightest shadow of a reasonable excuse for indulging ei¬ 
ther themselves or those under their control, who are of this tem¬ 
perament, in the use of such diet; the circulation of the blood is 
already too rapid, together with a corresponding activity of all the 
vital powers, which, in such cases, entirely predominate over the 
mental; the result then of such a state of things must be obvious 
to every one, and will be found to correspond with the description 
already given of the character of this temperament. 

Those parents who pamper the stomach of such children and 
youth with animal food, tea, coffee, and all manner of hot, spicy 
aliments, are not aware that they are accumulating for themselves 
and offspring a vast amount of trouble and vexation of spirit—that 
they are violating a law, the penalty of which will one day over¬ 
take them ; for we contend that the violation of the physical laws, 
by which we are governed, is one great source of, and forerunner 
of the violation of the moral law. This, we think, cannot be de¬ 
nied. How frequently do we see parents—Christian parents, too 

_mourning over and lamenting the wayward dispositions of such 

youths, when, in reality, they themselves are the authors of the 
evils complained of. The human constitution is thus daily tam¬ 
pered with, disease is also created, and human depravity aggrava¬ 
ted ; and all these results are not unfrequently numbered with the 



28 


dispensations of Providence : neither do we consider it right for 
such individuals to pray against disease and peril, for by so doing 
they are literally tempting God to reverse the laws of the universe, 

Man alone abounds in absurdities and inconsistency. He revels in 
the violation of the laws by which he is governed; and to this cause, 
and to this alone, the great majority of the pain, wretchedness and 
woes of the human family may be justly attributed. “But,” say some, 
“ we did it ignorantly.” We say, then, that in order to train up 
children in the way they should go, parents must become acquainted 
with the fact that, while they are cultivating the mental or nervous 
temperament, they must also cultivate and regulate the action of 
the vital temperaments. 

The diet, then, of such individuals, ought to be exclusively 
vegetable, and is perfectly adapted to their constitution; they 
should studiously avoid heating and stimulating food and drink, 
as they would their most deadly enemy. A vegetable diet, then, 
with milk and water for drink, is, we say, the proper aliment for 
such temperaments, and is sufficient to sustain them under any 
circumstances, however much the force of habit may have dis¬ 
posed them to think otherwise. By observing the course her© 
recommended, the circulation of the blood will, as a natural 
consequence, be more moderate, the individual will not be so 
hastily propelled, but will be enabled to take time to think and 
reflect before speaking or acting. Parents may thus success¬ 
fully cultivate the bilious in children and youths; while adults, 
by having a knowledge of their own faults, failings, etc., to¬ 
gether with the causes thereof, will be enabled to strike at the 
root of, and reduce that propensity which causes them to err, 
while at the same time they are cultivating those temperaments 
of an opposite character, which will, in a reasonable length of 
time, enable the mind to exercise entire control over the body. 
Such children and youths must be strictly governed ; the Ner¬ 
vous must be cultivated by education, and by instilling into 
their minds high moral and religious duties; and, finally, make 
them acquainted with the peculiarities of their own constitu¬ 
tion, together with the traits of character, etc., which accom¬ 
pany such : and by being aware of those important facts, they 
will thus, and at an early age, study to cultivate and improve 
themselves, and will grow up to be useful citizens and an honor 
to themselves and their parents ; for it is a lamentable and un¬ 
deniable fact, that the great majority of individuals of this tem¬ 
perament live and die totally ignorant of the cause which pro¬ 
pelled them through this life in such a dangerous manner, and at 
a rapid rate. 

There are also some medicines which might be used by adults 
for the reduction of this temperament, such as the following : 
take nitre (saltpetre) in doses of from five to ten or fifteen 


29 


grains, three or four times a day. This medicine, taken in such 
doses, will he found to be perfectly safe, and will aid very much 
in reducing the heat of the body and the force of the circulation. 

NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT. 

In this temperament the mind is good, all we have to look after 
is the body. We must cultivate the sanguine to give force, energy, 
and power of endurance to the body, to enable them to carry out 
the dictates of the mind; to do which, the same course may be 
adopted that is recommended for the lymphatic. 

BILIOUS TEMPERAMENT. 

In an individual of this temperament the proper cultivation of 
the nervous or mental temperament is of the greatest importance. 
Moral and religious duties ought to he instilled into his mind in 
early life, as, when the character of such a person is once formed, 
it is seldom changed. This was the predominating temperament 
^ of Tom Paine and Voltaire, two prominent specimens of human 
nature improperly trained. Children of this temperament ought 
to be kept principally on solid vegetable food, too much sloppy food 
ought always to be avoided, as its tendency is to encourage too 
much the lymphatic. Such youths and adults will bear a reasona¬ 
ble proportion of animal food without any danger of encouraging 
the sanguine, so much as to occasion any over-activity of the brain, 
or of increasing to an ungovernable extent any of the passions. 
Indeed, the diet of such youths and adults will admit of variety, as 
they are not apt to indulge too freely in the use of food of any 
description; for, as we have before remarked, they care more for 
food for the mind than for the body. 


THE VALUE OF THE SUBJECT. 

We will notice a few of the advantages to be derived from a 
knowledge of the most interesting and valuable science, as time 
would not permit us to enter into an enumeration of all of them; 
nor do we deem it at all necessary, as they will naturally occur to 
the reflecting reader from time to time, according as he progresses 
in the acquirement of a knowledge of the general principles and 
features of the science; it will readily be observed by the discrim¬ 
inating reader, that the principles are real and not fanciful, that 
they are founded on philosophical and physiological facts, as immo¬ 
vable as the firmament itself. Unlike many of the humbugs with 
which the world has frequently been flooded, and whose conflicting 
and irreconcileable theories have invariably sunk to rise no more, 
upon coming in contact with truth, that great touchstone of philo¬ 
sophy, and to the severe test and scrutiny of which we are willing 






80 


to submit the theory or principle upon which our recently dis¬ 
covered science is founded, a science which, if properly appreciated, 
will prove of incalculable value to mankind. We would openly 
affirm, and without fear of contradiction, that it entirely supersedes 
Phrenology, as it does away with the necessity of grouping, or even seeing the 
organs of the head, in order to ascertain the character or disposition of any 
individual. It also enables us to account for the existence of many curious 
phenomena frequently found in human nature, and which have heretofore been 
entirely shrouded in mystery. Indeed, it is the natural key to the mind of 
man. Every individual is a natural physiologist to a greater or less extent; 
each one, as it were from natural instinct, forms opinions of those with whom 
they come in contact, at first sight, and that too, invariably by the physiolo¬ 
gical developments; nor do we believe, that an all-wise Creator ever designed 
to so construct man, that he should be enabled to successfully conceal, under 
his hat, his real and true character. Indeed some individuals possess so much 
of this instinct, so called, that as a general thing they will form pretty correct 
opinions; yet, a reason why or wherefore it is so, they do not profess to be 
able to give. Such individuals will readily become masters of this art or 
science, as they are always thirsting after such knowledge, and literally drink 
it in wherever they find it. Such persons are invariably great observers of 
human nature, and are greatly interested in such studies. Here then, we 
say, is the very science that such individuals want, as they will here find a 
reason, a why and a wherefore, upon which to found their judgments. It will 
thus be pleasing and agreeable to the mind to have certainties to rely upon, 
rather than conjecture and suspicion. 

We think that if every individual was familiar with this science, and would 
make a proper use of it, it would be found that very unfavorable physiologi¬ 
cal developments, and such as are now frequently met with, would be very 
rare indeed; the result then, we think, would be a great improvement in the 
physical and moral condition of man. We conceive this to be the starting 
point for moral reformers, philanthropists, &c. First, let them expend some 
of the means and exertions now so liberally put forth for the lemoval of 
temptation, &c., in properly educating the masses, so that they may know 
themselves and became familiar with the laws by which they are governed; 
they will then be enabled to cultivate, improve and perfect themselves and 
offspring. This, we conceive, would be striking at the very root of many 
evils under which mankind ever have, and are still groaning, while generally 
all that is being done is to prune or lop off a branch here and there; like 
many physicians who apply all their remedies and direct all their efforts to the 
removal of effects, leaving causes to take care of themselves. 

Some writers dwell much upon the solemn duty of society to set good 
examples, and to remove temptation to evil as far as possible. Now this, so 
far, is well enough, and we admire such benevolent efforts wherever we see 

them, but we cannot, as a matter of course, believe, that if ten times as much 
effort were put forth in the same direction, that it would remove one hun¬ 
dredth part of such evils. How, we would ask, can they be successful, since 
it is a fact that the community are still, through ignorance, and on a large 
scale too, manufacturing proper subjects, who will make it a study to offer 
temptation, and are always ready and willing themselves to partake of offered 
temptation with others. Now, if so much evil results from ignorance, to dif¬ 
fuse knowledge then must be the remedy. Such individuals are seldom turn¬ 
ed aside by the influence of example, and seldom reform until by means of 
the constant draftts that are made upon their vitality, the constitution becomes 
exhausted, when they will, and as one of old has said, be ready to exclaim 
how have I hated instruction and despised reproof; it is then, and not till 

then, that reason can obtain an audience. This is characteristic of the san 
guine temperament. Such individuals seldom embrace religious principles in 
their youth, and may be frequently heard to say, that such serious reflections 


31 


are only proper for the afflicted or the aged and infirm, and will frequently 
make light, if not mockery of religious instruction. It is of little use to 
address the minds of such individuals, until their vitality or sanguine is pretty 
well exhausted, for they are propelled by an irresistible power, like the loco¬ 
motive or the steamboat. 

We see, then, the great importance of keeping the vital temperament 
under proper subjection—a thing which never can be done by such indi¬ 
viduals without a familiarity with and submission to the organic or physical 
laws by which they are governed—but they not only themselves suffer the 
penalty of violated law, for the innocent also frequently suffer; for instance, 
an individual, from improper living, contracts disease—his children, how¬ 
ever temperate, may be afflicted with that same disease, as we know that 
many individuals are afflicted with hereditary diseases. This is no doubt 
the explanation of that passage of Scripture in which Jehovah declares 
that he will visit the iniquities of the fathers upon the children. I have 
just been looking over a little paper which is published in the City of New 
York, entitled “ The Advocate of Moral Reform,” and in which I have ob¬ 
served some editorial remarks on licentiousness, the haunts of dissipation, 
&c., together with some means for the prevention of such ; the means, 
however, consist as usual, in mental culture and example, remedies which, 
for aught we know, have been resorted to in all ages of the world Mental 
cultivation, as we have already remarked, is absolutely necessary, but wc 
do not apprehend that a knowledge of geometry, mathematics, or astrono¬ 
my, &c., will enable us to govern our passions and overcome temptation; 
neither will always a knowledge of right and wrong. As examples are not 
wanting to establish the truth of this assertion, we have Solomon, David, 
and many of old, as well as hosts of others at the present day. We do 
not believe that the remedy for the various crimes is wholly to be found 
in mental cultivation and example, or the nature of the punishment or 
penalty attached to such crime. Do not mankind almost daily witness the 
pain, suffering, premature, and in many instances violent death, of their 
fellow men ; and yet do they not straightway follow in their footsteps re¬ 
gardless of consequences ? Now this science plainly points out the char¬ 
acter of some of the causes which are actively engaged in this work, or 
the production of such evils. It is evidently of more importance to know 
how to prevent crime than to punish it. Very depraved characters, and 
who are made so by improper training, are seldom benefitted by any 
change of outward circumstances, unless those circumstances tend to mod¬ 
ify the character. 

The following is a specimen of the effect of example upon those indi¬ 
viduals in whom the vital temperament largely predominates.. A writer in 
speaking of the scene at an execution which took place in the city of 
London, thus remarks : “ Not a great number of spectators were admitted, 
but we understood that even before the victim was taken down from the 
gallows there stood amongthe convicts, in the galleries of the building, 
as well as among the rabble who were looking in at the front gate, some 
who were seen talking and laughing in the most indecent manner.” The 
same writer adds that similar testimony could be presented were it^ ne¬ 
cessary. 

But a knowledge of this science will not only teach us how to properly 
cultivate ourselves and offspring, but can be applied to many other useful 
purposes. It will enable us to understand the characters of those with 
whom we associate, and is also of great value to all classes of employers, 
as they will be better able to select such individuals as are best qualified 
to perform any piece of labor, or occupy any given situation ; also to the 
physician, the attorney, the minister of the gospel, &c. It will enable the 
latter to become at once familiar with the characters of those who compose 
his congregation, their besetting sins, &c.; he will therefore be better able to 


32 


judge what quality of spiritual food may be most profitably administered, 
and is best adapted to the wants of each individual under his pastoral '*are. 

Again, by a knowledge of physiology, the schoolmaster will be enabled to 
adop't that inode of government which will be most successful in securing 
the obedience and furthering the interests of the various individuals under 
his instructions; whereas, as it now is done, one mode of government is 
generally adopted and administered to all. This hint will also apply to pa¬ 
rents. If this science was introduced into schools, and made a part of the 
education of every individual, we think it would be attended with the very 
best results, and in our opinion a great change in the moral state of society 
would soon become visible. It may easily be imagined, that if each of those 
individuals, who compose the larger classes, were familiar with the peculiars 
ties of their own physical and mental qualities, as well as those of others, 
and also with the fact that others were familiar with his as well as their own, 
and how to improve them, that each one would be stimulated to cultivate and 
effect the most desirable change in himself. We can, . therefore, easily see 
that in this department, as well as every other, the physiologist has entirely 
the advantage of the phrenologist; for there is no such thing as concealing 
dispositions under long hair, &c., from the scrutiny of the physiologist. 

Also, a great deal ot the unhappiness, which is frequently found in married life, 
might be avoided, as it will enable each individual in selecting a partner for life to 
recognize one of the most congenial spirit, and with whom he could spend his days 
most agreeably. It will not be denied, that a great proportion of the unhappiness 
which exists in married life, may be attributed to the discoveries that are con¬ 
stantly being made of the great difference of disposition. Then comes accusations 
of deception, followed, in many instances, by bitterness and strife; for lovers, 
generally speaking, naturally live in a state of deception, although it may, in many 
instances, be in one sense quite unintentional; for where there exists a strong desire 
to please, there also exists a strong desire to keep one’s faults in the back-ground, 
and exhibit only the most pleasing traits of one’s character. It will also enable parents 
to select for their children that kind of business, trade, or profession for which the na¬ 
tural genius of each one is most suitable; for, in this respect the most grevous mistakes 
are frequently made, and is one great cause of the unhappiness of many individuals. 
How oft do we hear the following remark : “ I never fancied my business, I am not 
at all adapted for it, I never would have chosen it, it was altogether against my 
wishes, but my father insisted upon it, &c.” The result is, that such individuals 
will seldom succeed or excel in such trade or profession, and will frequently dwell 
upon the subject with feelings of dissatisfaction, and will ever be studying and 
endeavoring to work his way out of it, and in some instances will give it up in 
disgust, and in the moment of peiplexity or despair will decide upon some other, 
and perhaps luinous course, by whieh he may maintain himself. Many good minds 
have been worse than lost in this w r ay, and from this cause alone. Now, we ap¬ 
prehend that if parents were familiar with this science, that such occurrences 
would be altogether less frequent. 

I will now leave the subject, having no time at present to pursue the study ot 
it any farther. I have endeavored to make it plain and perspicuous, by avoiding, 
as much as possible, the use of all such terms as are out of the reach of common 
intellects, for the reason that it is designed for all classes of people. I think that 
no one will deny, but that a knowledge of such a science would be of great import¬ 
ance to every one, and I think that the more it is studied the more it will be ap¬ 
preciated. 

I would here remark, before I leave the subject, that in some instances a want 
of connection may be noticed; this defect I must attribute to the w r ant of time and 
frequent interruptions; yet it does not in any degree detract from the value of the 
matter, and renders it none the less comprehensible. I design publishing, as soon 
as circumstances will permit, a larger edition, at least double the size of the pres¬ 


ent one. 











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Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
^ ** ^ Treatment Date: Nov. 2004 


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,«• o. °%. *"'' o^° . s • • >*■?■ °" ° ° y PreservationTechnologies 

> • bj. A*^ * A. A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

(• jA iKH A) ° vV * Tv 111 Thomson Park Drive 

® r '< A '\ ® Cvv Cranberry Township. PA 16066 

AvP (724)779-2111 

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